Is Perl, PHP, Python, or Ruby best? Do Java and JavaScript count? When we started working on the Bossies, we divided the broad Application Development group into many subcategories, including Language. It seemed like a good idea at the time. Finally, we realized that there probably is no such thing as a “best” language, be it a natural language or a computer language. The most we could do would be to pick best languages for specific applications, and even that would be difficult. It left us to identify languages that have become widely supported and perhaps acknowledge languages that have found a strong niche. In that spirit, let us acknowledge the vibrancy of the growing Ruby community, especially as applied to the Web via Ruby on Rails. Ruby itself is an elegant object-oriented language with support for sophisticated programming constructs, including closures. Further, Ruby has broken out in a big way this year, with new versions for Java (JRuby) and Microsoft’s Dynamic Language Runtime (IronRuby). Unless these variants begin to introduce language differences, these dual ports promise to make Ruby the new widely accepted scripting language. Let us also acknowledge that JavaScript/ECMAScript is the de facto standard language for programming Web clients. While alternatives are beginning to emerge, JavaScript is still the primary language for creating interactive client-side user interfaces for Web applications, and it’s one of the essential pillars of AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML). Is JavaScript pure open source? If you stick to the ECMAScript subset, absolutely. In real life, however, client-side Web applications usually need to use the extensions to JavaScript and the DOM of individual browsers, whether the browsers are open source or proprietary. Many open source implementations of JavaScript are available for pure scripting, such as Rhino. The richness and performance of the JVM make it an ideal platform for development of new languages, and features in Java 6 and the upcoming Java 7 make such languages even easier to implement. As a result, a new crop of innovative languages is coming up: Groovy, a high-level Java superset released in January; Scala, which combines features from several distinct programming philosophies; and of course JRuby. This year saw the release of GPLv3, the latest version of one of the most important open source licenses. Its development has led to spirited debate and reexamined what it means for a project to be open source. Is Sun’s slow release of Java source code or the availability of an unsanctioned open source implementation of .Net sufficient? Like many folks, we don’t take an absolutist perspective. We use the tools that work, and we celebrate open source communities for creating so many useful languages and development tools — and for making them widely available at no cost. Senior contributing editor Andrew Binstock contributed to this article. Software DevelopmentTechnology Industry